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11 September 2008: Page 1a


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Progress on the Old Railway Line Article

   

As readers will know, we are collecting material on the old Canterbury and Whitstable Railway Line with a view to producing a permanent feature. Our last Chat Column contained a selection of photos the old Tyler Hill Rail Tunnel and, now, we present a further selection of material spread over three pages.

This first page features a wealth of fascinating photos kindly contributed by Mike Hatton and Peter Dalrymple. Mike has made available a fascinating  collection of 35mm slides from past years and Peter has supplemented these with current day photos. I have added some brief comments and included anecdotes from James Styles (official photographer of the University of Kent) and Garth Wyver. 

As you make your way through the article, you may  wish to have Brian Smith's overview of the railway line available. If so click here and it will appear as a separate window. 

Before we continue, I would like to say a big thank you to everyone involved.

    

The Invicta Locomotive

   

As Brian Smith has explained, the first locomotive on the line was 'Invicta'. This was incapable of pulling trains along the full length of the line due to the steep inclines. Thus, it operated on the short stretch from the harbour to Clowes Wood and later suffered even further restrictions when it was confined to the flat section across Bogshole valley. 

Fortunately, it was preserved as a museum piece and, by the 1960s, it was displayed in the Dane John Gardens at Canterbury (alongside Watling Street and close to the new bus station). That brings us to the first of Mike Hatton's super collection....

  


Invicta in Dane John Gardens, Canterbury (Photo kindly supplied by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton)

   

The City Wall can just be seen on the far right with a bridge spanning Watling Street. The bridge links two sections of wall where the old Riding Gate once stood. For many years, Invicta was a familiar sight for the boys and girls of Simon Langton schools as they travelled on buses that passed through the Riding Gate bridge to reach the Old Dover Road. Eventually, the locomotive was removed, renovated  and now has a home in a Canterbury musuem. 

 


Photos by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

 

Hopefully, that home will be temporary as there are now moves to bring Invicta back  to its original working home .... Whitstable! 

    

The Canterbury Terminus

  

The railway's Canterbury terminus was located on the north side of North Lane. Mike's 1980 photo below shows the end of the line...

 


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

   

In 1980, several of the original buildings were still standing and they included what is thought to be the original station building and ticket office..... 

     


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

   

 It was here that the world's first rail passenger season tickets were issued. 

  

Despite the derelict appearance of 1980, the building has survived and is now looking quite a picture. The photo on the left was taken recently when Mike and Peter visited the area. (Photo © Peter Dalrymple)

  

When the line was opened in 1830, the Canterbury end of the line was a very straightforward arrangement. A short access road led from North Lane to the station building and sidings. From here, a simple track headed northward towards Whitstable.

However, in 1846, things became more complicated. It was then that the current day Ashford to Thanet main line arrived and it brought with it a new Canterbury station (now known as Canterbury West). Located a short distance to north,  the new track severed the C&W line and detached it from its North Lane terminus. Some modification was necessary and this came in the form of spur that diverted the C&W into a branch platform at the new station. The old terminus was relegated to the role of a small marshalling yard linked to the Ashford-Thanet line. The simplified plan below summarises the situation

   

   

I am sure many people recall the North Lane entrance to the sidings as it existed into the 1980s and possibly beyond. However, much of this area has now been redeveloped and we will need to track down what remains.

  

The St Stephens Section

  

After leaving the terminus, the track made its way north to the St Stephens district of Canterbury where it followed a raised embankment. It then crossed Forty Acres Road and headed to the Tyler Hill Tunnel entrance on the present day site of Archbishops School. The embankment can be seen in Mike's photo below. It is skirted by a pathway.

  


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

    

The Tyler Hill Tunnel

  

In our last Chat Column, we featured the tunnel as it is today. Mike now supplements this with shots from 1980.....

  

The photo above shows the southern (Canterbury) entrance in the grounds of Archbishops School and the picture to the left displays the northern entrance located on the campus of the University of Kent.

If you read our last Chat Column, you will notice that the scenes are a little different from those of modern times. For reasons of safety and preservation, the northern entrance is now fenced by a substantial metal frame.

Both entrances now have vents inserted in the brickwork. As yet, I do not know all of the reasons.... but I can guess at one. The tunnel is now the habitat of families of bats. (Photos by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton)

   

Before we move on, I would like to add one of my own current day photos. This was taken through the vent in the southern entrance. 

As you will see, there is a second wall located some 30 yards inside the structure. Terry Phillips has told me that, at one time, Archbishops School used a section of the tunnel as a storeroom!

Just think. If there hadn't been a second wall, the school could have had the largest storeroom in education history..... 11 ft wide.... and 828 yards long!

    

In our final article, we will incorporate all the "tunnel anecdotes" collected in the Simply Whitstable Visitors Book.... including stories of ghosts and more. A very welcome message arrived recently from James Styles who witnessed a very serious tunnel event....

   

As the University of Kent photographer, I was sent to photograph the strange happenings to the surface of the tunnel wall in 1974. The soot that had lined the walls for many years was beginning to flake off leaving clear red brick. 

It was soon realised that, with the serious cracks in the walls of the University language lab above the tunnel, that things were on the move. I recorded the events including the collapse of the roof when I went down with the University surveyor. 

I was the last person down that area and, in Derek Butler's book, A Century of Canterbury (page 111), you can see the collapse as it was happening. 

I moved out very quickly and was the last person in to see the structure. The University has a  photographic record of the subsequent destruction of the surface buildings and the infilling of the tunnel.

James Styles
Tankerton

   

Our thanks go to James for this contribution to the story. Apart from raising the major issue of the tunnel collapse, it also highlights the need for us to include a bibliography. Our aim is not to replace books but to generate interest in the hope that people will be tempted to delve deeper into the subject for themselves. 

  

Sarre Penn Culvert

  

The Tyler Hill Tunnel was a major feat of early 19th century engineering. However, it is clear that the line posed many other problems of a lesser nature. One of these cropped up just north of the tunnel where an embankment was created to provide a relatively level path across the valley of the Sarre Penn stream. (This is the stream that traverses the Whitstable-Canterbury road close to its junction with Calais Hill at Tyler Hill).  However, it was necessary to keep the water flowing and a culvert was created as shown in Mike's slide below....

    

 
Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

    

The photo was taken some years ago and we are not sure of the structure's current condition.

  

Bogshole Valley Section: The Embankment and Old Red Bridge

  

As the line continues to makes its way north towards Whitstable,  it ploughs into the Blean forest and eventually emerges from Clowes Wood. The land dips down the side of Bogshole Valley at this point and, for a short stretch, the railway track is clearly visible as a tree-lined embankment. This can be seen in Peter Dalrymple's recent photo below....

   


Photo by Peter Dalrymple © Peter Dalrymple

 

That short stretch of line contains a feature that is now almost lost in the mists of time but it is one that will hold many memories for local people. It is of course the Old Red Bridge and it appears in Mike's much older photo below. 

     


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

   

Recently, Mike and Peter joined forces to obtain this current day shot... 

  


Photo by Peter Dalrymple © Peter Dalrymple

  

The bridge and embankment now lie on private land but it can be seen from the nearby cycle path as Peter's aerial shot shows below....

   


Photo by Peter Dalrymple © Peter Dalrymple

    

For many years the bridge had me confused. After all, why would such an elaborate structure be built to carry the line over a cart track between two fields. Well, I suspect that we will be producing some answers to that in due course.... because it seems that it was more than just a cart track in days gone by. Watch this space!

Strangely, the bridge has a special place in the history of Sir William Nottidge School. The Railway Line closed for the last time in 1953.... and that was around the time that the brand new school opened its doors in Bellevue Road.... close to the line at the All Saints Church level crossing. Very soon, the track had become the school's official cross country running course. Pupils were expected to hurtle south along the track and return via the same route. The old bridge was the turning point. Of course, not all pupils "hurtled". In fact some sat on the railway bank near All Saints and waited for the rest to return!

There is also another little story associated with the bridge. As we all know, Whitstable lost its more celebrated bridge (claimed to be the oldest railway bridge in the world) in Old Bridge Road when it was considered an inconvenience to motor traffic. After reporting the demolition, the Whitstable Times posed an interesting question. If the railway line was built from the Canterbury end, could the surviving Old Red Bridge pre-date its more celebrated cousin? It was an interesting theory but one that probably doesn't tie in with the history as I believe the line as built form both ends. Nevertheless, the structure is noteworthy and still exists as one of mankind's oldest railway structures. 

       

Bogshole Valley Section: Traversing the Brook

      


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

At one time, the embankment spanned the entire width of the Bogs Hole Valley. Along the way, it traversed the Swalecliffe Brook before giving way to a cutting that carved a groove at the top the valley's northern slope. 

The presence of the brook required  the creation of another culvert. This is shown in Mike's old photo on the left.

In modern times, the line has disappeared from the floor and northern slope of the valley in order to accommodate agriculture and the New Thanet Way (A299). The embankment now ends quite abruptly on the southern slope (see Peter Dalrymple's photo below). The A299 also necessitated some realignment of Swalecliffe Brook. 

As a result, I suspect that little evidence of the culvert remains... but, perhaps, one of our readers knows different! 

 

 

  
Photo by Peter Dalrymple © Peter Dalrymple

   

While we are on the subject of culverts, it is worth mentioning that there were probably several scattered along the route and our readers may be able to identify some that have long been forgotten. One quite surprising one has already been mentioned in the Visitors Book by Garth Wyver....

    

There was an interesting brick culvert where a stream passed under the Canterbury Whitstable Line between Clare Road and Station Road, at the rear of 10&14 Clare Rd. 

The embankment (now flattened) contained a lot of chalk. I believe the stream ran from Northwood Road passed between 1 Clare Road and the electric sub station, through a pipe under the road and along the alley.

Garth Wyver

  

Bogshole Valley:  Looking For Evidence

  

The Bogs Hole valley will still surrender some of its hidden railway history if you study the fields carefully. Here, we take a look at a couple of recent photos taken when Peter Dalrymple and Mike Hatton walked the line....

The first looks North West. The trees in the centre of the shot mark the course of the New Thanet Way road. Notice that the fence rises over a hump in the field and the ploughed soil is a slightly different hue. These features mark the route of that old railway embankment. 

  


Photo by Peter Dalrymple © Peter Dalrymple

   

The second shot takes a slightly more northerly view and shows the northern slope of the Bogs Hole valley with the houses of Golden Hill in the distance. Again, there is a long line of slightly raised ground of a different shade.....

   


Photo by Peter Dalrymple © Peter Dalrymple

  

As mentioned earlier, towards the top of the incline, the railway embankment gave way to a cutting as the line clipped the apex of the hill. I am told that this cutting was levelled by bulldozers which simply pushed the soil banks across the track

Peter Dalrymple's aerial photo below has been annotated to summarise the current status of the Bogshole Valley section.

   


Photo by Peter Dalrymple © Peter Dalrymple

   

South Street Level Crossing...

    

A few hundred yards north of the valley, the Canterbury & Whitstable railway really started to liven up! It was here that it crossed Millstrood Road at the junction with South Street. A level crossing was inserted and a railways station constructed. The crossing gates remained for many years after the closure of the line as Mike's 1980 photo shows below..... 

   


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

   

I believe the railway station was located on the NW corner of the level crossing (backing on to what is now the aptly named "The Halt" housing development). In those days, South Street was a small hamlet that justified its owns station. However, it was detached from Whitstable and very rural. It had a small shop located in Millstrood Rd alongside the station but surrounded by fields. 

The shop building still exists but nothing remains of the station or level crossing.

   

The All Saints Incline

   

From the South Street Crossing, the track  remains intact as far as Old Bridge Road. Most of it has been paved and now serves as a popular walkway and cycle path. I understand that this piece of the line was known in railway circles as the All Saints Incline.... although it is a decline if you are heading into Whitstable! It is spanned by a couple of interesting features.

The most significant is the substantial bridge that carries the Old Thanet Way (known in those days as the Coastal Road) over the track. As Mike's photo below confirms, the bridge arrived in 1935..... .  105 years after the railway line opened. 

   


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

   

The simplicity of the plaque, the uncomplicated name of the bridge and the absence of any details of an official opening suggest that it was regarded as a purely functional structure. 

For many years, this bridge has been a part of our lives and it is something that we may not have thought about in any great detail. However, in recent times, it has been the subject of some interesting discussions in the Simply Whitstable Visitors Book. Some of our readers have pointed out that it deserves to be held in much higher esteem as  it is actually a very large piece of Art Deco architecture! Let me throw in one of my own photos here....

  


The Thanet Way Bridge in 2004

   

The bridge is not only the intersection of two different means of transport......  It is also the collision between two very different periods of engineering history . The Old Thanet Way was very much a product of 1930s ideas and quite a few of its "furnishings" took on an Art Deco appearance. These included the old Fitts petrol station at Chestfield roundabout (now demolished) and the Chez Laurie ballroom/bar at Herne Bay (now also demolished).

Another curious feature is that the bridge has an incredibly wide span for a single track railway. Were those architects of 1935 making allowances for an increase in rail traffic that would necessitate a second set of rails? It's a curious thought as the line had discontinued passenger services just five years earlier..... and the Coastal Road was one of the arteries that would eventually bring about the decline of rail transport. Fitts weren't just selling petrol at their art deco filling station at the Chestfield roundabout. They were also selling a fair few cars at their new showroom in Tankerton.

Fortunately, the bridge remains to this day..... as does another feature of the All Saints Incline - the pedestrian crossing linking All Saints churchyard with Bellevue Road. The crossing marked by metal kissing gates as Mike records in the photo below....

  


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

     

The basic metal frames can still be seen in 2008.

   

The Harbour Station Section

   

One of the most fascinating sections of the line was located between Tower Parade and Station Road/Westgate Terrace. This area of land accommodated the Whitstable Harbour Railway Station. 

The station came into operation some time around 1894 and it was the third attempt at creating a station in that locality. It was a little different from its two predecessors as it was built on the south side of Tower Parade. The earlier efforts had both been located within the harbour boundaries - the first midway along the harbour's south quay and the second just inside the harbour's east gate.

The station served local travellers until 1930 when the line ceased passenger services and became purely a freight line. However, it remained a feature of the landscape for decades thereafter. By the early 1950s, the building had become the HQ of the Second Whitstable Sea Scouts... even though trains were still passing by the door!

Before we look at more of Mike's photo collection, it might be worth me 'borrowing' a few items from our Sea Scouts feature. Take a look at the scouts parading on the station concourse in the early 1950s....

   


Photo kindly supplied by Jock Harnett

   

By the end of that decade, the Sea Scouts had relocated to a new Scout Hall at Long Beach and, eventually, the station was demolished to make way for later development. Mike's camera captured the demolition process.....

   


Photo acknowledgment to follow

  

The platform remained a little longer as Mike's colour slide below confirms....

 


Photo by Mike Hatton © Mike Hatton

   

However, this too eventually fell foul of the bulldozers of developers. The diagrams below compare the 1950s scene with that of the current day... 

  

1950s

2008

     

Reaction to the C&WR Article...

   

Comments on the above article are as follows:

   

Another excellent entry on Simply Whitstable. A couple of thoughts:

Has the original station building in Canterbury been given Listed Building status in view of its importance in the history of railways?  If it hasn't, then it should be.. although the current owner might not thank us due to the constrictions it would place on the building.

Re the Red Bridge - it was clearly built around the same time as the Old Bridge (c.1828) and in use from 3 May 1830 and I suspect it is probably made from the same brick source so must therefore qualify to be recognised as the successor to the title, The Oldest Railway Bridge in the World?  

Likewise the tunnel - although in a poor state now - should also get overdue recognition. The Red Bridge and the art deco bridge should also be Listed Buildings to preserve them (yes - bridges qualify!).

The history of the line and its artifacts are grossly underplayed. 

Barry Freeman 
Shaftesbury
Dorset

Mr Response: Thanks, Barry. I don't know whether all or anything has been listed.

As I have said on one of the other railway pages, it's quite astonishing that, on the one hand, we all love the railway line but, on the other, we have allowed much of it to disappear.

When I look back, I do wonder about some of the decisions. The most notable was the demolition of the bridge. However, not so long ago, the local authority had the chance to use money donated by Tesco to help reinstate part of the line. Instead, the cash was used to block pave Harbour Street. As we know, some of that block paving has now been removed after it subsided. 

It took well over a century for the Tyler Hill Tunnel to collapse... as opposed to a couple of years for Harbour Street to collapse. 

    

Hi Dave,

The South Street Halt area and southward to Clowes Woods was literally in my back yard during WW2.Our home was Vinnie Bungalow, the southern most of a pair of bungalows across from and a little to the south of the railway crossing gates.

The Halt Stores was the store mentioned. It was run by Mr and Mrs Spencer who will forever be remembered by me for giving me the Ogdens Teal cigarette packets (10 and 20 packs). The other memories they evoke are the opening and closing of the crossing gates and Mrs Spencers home made toffee during WW2.

The rail line was used by us kids as a route to get to Bogshole, particularly if a plane had pranged, as souvenirs were a valuable item in those days. The thing you had to remember on the northward journey home was to keep looking back to see if the train was coming. I suspect, because of the incline, approaching trains bound to Whitstable made little noise and that coupled with the excitement of finds could lead to a blast from the R1 tank whistle and a report and subsequent reprimand from the authorities or Mr Spencer.

The art decco bridge is also a place of fond memories. In the mid stages of WW2 the embankment in that area was our spotting place for aircraft, particularly if Canterbury was the target. You stayed down below the south bank as the planes came in then ran to the opposite side to watch them leave. Later, after the war ,it was, for a few of us, the site for another "free" hobby - that of coach name collecting on a Sunday morning. 

Wonderful how simple pleasures were in those days... and cheap.

Bill Dancer

My Reply: Thanks, Bill. I hope people will keep the stories coming as I want our final articles to be a little different. Simply Whitstable is very much about local people and their connection with history.

There are many excellent books and articles about the C&WR as a working line from 1830-1953. There is also some great material on the line today. However, not too much is said about the 55 years in between. History doesn't stop when a line is closed. It simply continues with a different slant. 

That 55 year period was quieter and less spectacular than other times.... BUT it is perhaps a very important key that unlocks the affection that local people still have for the line. That's where the stories of our readers come in. History is not just the province of historians. It belongs to us all.... and why not? We helped to create it!

Many of us can only just remember trains on the line... but most of us have great memories of the line as a walk and playground. I want us to cover all aspects and all periods of the line's history.

Where appropriate, I also want to show some links to what was happening elsewhere in the town and elsewhere in the world. For example, the comments on the art deco bridge relate directly to what was happening elsewhere in the 1930s. Whitstable was a very close-knit community but it could never live wholly in a vacuum.

   

Thanks for the article on the Canterbury Whitstable rail line I hope a lot more about it come to light. The article mentioned about a possible rail station on what is now The Halt.
Having lived in that area back in the late 60s and early 70s, I always had that idea myself. There used to to be, alongside where the rail line ran, a large flat area that had no use at all. It was just the right size and shape for it to be a station.

When I lived there, we kids used that area for our fireworks night bonfires and for setting off fireworks. We would start constructing the bonfire about 2 weeks before hand and on Guy Forks night everyone in the area would come down there to set of their fireworks. When I was last in England in 2006 that area had sadly disappeared.

Stephen Daniel
Wellington
New Zealand
20/9/09

My Reply: Thanks, Stephen. I am not sure of the precise location of the area of ground that you have mentioned. As far as I am aware the railway platform was on the western side of the track - starting approximately at the level crossing and heading towards Whitstable. Thus, it was located between the track and The Halt shop.

There was another area of land on the eastern side behind the council houses that lined South Street. This was a real playground for local children. I seem to recall that it had at least one large tree that wa used as a natural climbing frame.

PS As it is a little while since the article was published, I have replicated your message in the Visitors Book to ensure that it is seen by all.

  

I have fond memories of walking through Tyler Hill tunnel in the early 1970's before the tunnel collapsed in 1974. The tunnel was 771 metres long and built in two sections, and was dead straight. 

At that time the Northern portal had a steel door. When opened a powerful draught was present in the tunnel. There were 10 manhole refuges on the East side of the tunnel. Remains of brackets and cable channels were pinned to the wall on the western side.  The tunnel floor was dry and had hollows where the sleepers once were positioned. The condition of the tunnel was slowly deteriorating as the first ring of brickwork was perishing away due to the action of soot, soft red bricks and ground pressure from the surrounding London Clay. 

It was a long walk but exciting as the tunnel changed its profile below Rutherford College from the Horseshoe cross section to straight vertical walls and a barrel arch for the remainder to the south portal. The pin prick of light from the southern end gradually got bigger and a mystery cross wall and doorway was passed as this formed the legal boundary between the University and the Archbishops School sections of the tunnel. I listened to the cathedral bells as I emerged from the south Portal door.  

It is a great pity that a small section collapsed and the university had most of the tunnel filled in when only re-lining should have been carried out in the mid 1960's. We would have had a historic tunnel to enjoy today.

Jonathan Norman Baker
Whitstable
24/9/09

My Reply: 

Thank you for getting in touch, Jonathan. Your account is a super description of the tunnel and an important addition to our story.

PS As it is a little while since the article was published, I have replicated your message in the Visitors Book to ensure that it is seen by all.

     

I was most impressed by the article on the Canterbury & Whitstable Railway covering the state of the line today. Perhaps I may comment on some of the items.

The picture of the "Invicta" locomotive must have ben taken towards the end of the time that it was "preserved" (exposed would be a better word!) near the Riding Gate. For most of the time it was on the Old Dover Road side of the walls and only moved inside them in connection with a road widening scheme.

I have never previously seen any reference to the house in North Lane being associated with the railway in any way. I wonder what the basis is of the assertion, other than its position. Is there any more concrete evidence available?

As you rightly say, Dave, the platform at South Street was built on the west side of the line, immediately north of the level crossing. There is plenty of photographic evidence to support this.

The bridge under the Thanet Way was built to enable a second track to be laid and to allow 15 feet clear headroom between rail level and the bridge. These requirements were insisted on by the Southern Railway. Brian Hart in his excellent book "The Canterbury & Whitstable Railway" confirms that these requirements were adopted by the Southern Railway's Board of Directors at the same meeting (16th October 1930) as it agreed to withdraw the passenger service! Not only was the likelihood of double track reduced from very remote to absolutely zero but the 15' headroom seemed irrelevant in view of the height of Tyler Hill Tunnel being only 12'.

The claim that the bridge in Old Bridge Road was the "Oldest Railway Bridge in the World" depends entirely on the definition of "railway". Railways were not invented as such but evolved largely from mineral-carrying waggonways. It is thus difficult to say what was the first railway and thus establish what was the oldest railway bridge in the world. The Stockton & Darlington predates the C & W by five years and the Surrey Iron Railway dates from 1803. 

In order for the Old Bridge to be defined as the oldest in the world it is necessary to define a railway as using steam locomotives to haul both passenger and freight traffic on a regular basis. The Surrey Iron fails on this basis as it was horse-worked and the Stockton & Darlington fails because although passengers travelled behind "Locomotion No. 1" on the opening day, regular services were horse-worked, locomotives being confined to freight. The Canterbury & Whitstable passes the test but only just - the locomotive was used only for about two miles of the journey at the Whitstable end, the majority of the line being worked by stationary engines.

Neither did "Invicta" last very long as it was an unsuccessful design. The Stockton & Darlington had as much, if not more, in common with what we might consider a railway than the Canterbury & Whitstable; using the definition given above it is probably right to consider the Liverpool & Manchester as the first true railway. Such a discussion is, of course, pedantic in the extreme and the role of the Canterbury & Whitstable in the development of railways and in the two towns concerned is of the utmost importance. I am not sure whether the Red Bridge is on the original locomotive-worked section or not - if not then it presumably surrenders any pretence to being the oldest railway bridge.

The station at Whitstable Harbour that was south of the level crossing opened on June 3rd 1895.

Best wishes,

Terry Phillips
Fareham
Hants

My Reply: Many thanks, Terry. I will update things in the next draft of the article.

We can work much of your data into our eventual write up of the two bridges. Although Whitstable people like to claim the 'Old Bridge Road' bridge as the oldest in the world, I don't think the claim is generally accepted elsewhere!! The Bogshole Bridge is even less likely to match up to such claims. Brian Smith tells me that the original Bogshole Bridge was of wood construction and the brick version came along later.

The North Lane cottage appears in the Locomotive Club of Great Britain's CWR 150th Anniversary booklet. The text decribes it as "believed to be the old station building". I think you are right to question it. I think I should make my comments a little less definitive in later drafts of our article.

  

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